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The Cerebral Hemispheres

Note the cerebral hemispheres are split by the deep fissure called the longitudinal fissure that runs perfectly in the mid-sagittal position.  The lobes are very easy to identify as they are named after the bones that sit right on top of them.

All of the sausage looking things are the gyri (gyrus is singular, it means round).  The ones that are not so deep are the sulci (sulcus is singular, it means furrow/trench).  A fissure is like a deep sulcus.  The central sulcus has two specific gyri, the precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus.

The lateral sulcus is deep and if you push away the frontal and temporal lobes, you see the gyri of insula.

Gray and white matter of the cerebral hemispheres

The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer that is made up of all the gyri (sausage looking things!) and is made of gray matter that makes up the conscious brain.  It consists of neuron cell bodies and short, unmyelinated axons with no fiber tracts.  The cerebral cortex enables us to be aware of ourselves and our sensations, initiate and control voluntary movements and communicate, remember and understand.

The cerebral cortex used to be identified by 47 structures known as the Brodmann areas but now we have a much better defined map because of fMRI.  They are now more specifically known as cortical and association areas which are discussed in the next post (Functional areas of the cerebral cortex).  Very few of the original Brodmann areas remain.

We find white matter internal to the cortex.  And even deeper to that we find gray matter again which consists of brain nuclei.

How much of our brain do we really use?

All of it!  From an evolutionary standpoint our brains wouldn’t be as big as it was if we didn’t use it.  Nature doesn’t like waste.  The we-only-use-10% thing is a myth that came about in the late 19th/early 20th century with the advent of psychology and brain research.  The facts, over time were misconstrued by the public and especially by self-help entrepreneurs.  Surely only some parts of your brain are used at times but all of it is important.

Use this Table of Contents to go to the next article

Painting by Michael Reedy
The Basics. Start here. This is your Foundation.
  • Intro to human anatomy
  • The building blocks of cells

Epithelial and Connective Tissue

  • Basics of Epithelial Tissue
  • Eight types of Epithelial Tissue
  • Detailed Features of Epithelia
  • Connective Tissue Basics
  • Three Types of Membrane

Skin, Hair, Nails, Sweat Glands

  • Integumentary System Part 1
  • Integumentary System Part 2

The Skeletal System

  • Cartilage and Bones
  • Geography of the Skull
  • Special parts of the skull
  • The Vertebral Column
  • Thoracic Cage, Ribs, Fontanelles

The Muscular System

  • Muscles of the Head
  • Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral Column
  • Muscles of the thorax for breathing and the pelvic floor (The Diaphragm)
  • Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
  • Muscles of the Forearm

YOU ARE HERE AT THE CNS

The Central Nervous System

  • Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue
  • CNS: Intro to Brain and Ventricles, Medulla Oblongata, Pons, Mid-Brain and Cerebellum
  • Central Nervous System: Spinal Cord
  • The Diencephalon
  • The Cerebral Hemispheres
  • Functional Areas of The Cerebral Cortex
  • Cerebral White Matter and Gray Matter and Basal Ganglia
  • The Limbic System and the Reticular Formation
  • Protection for the Brain: Meninges, CSF, Blood-Brain Barrier
  • Disorders of the Central Nervous System

The Peripheral Nervous System

  • Peripheral Nervous System: Cranial Nerves
  • Peripheral Nervous System: Spinal Nerves and Plexuses
  • Innervation of the skin: Dermatomes

The Autonomic Nervous System

  • The Autonomic Nervous System (Includes sympathetic and parasymphathetic systems)
  • Visceral Sensory Neurons and Referred Pain

Special Senses

  • Chemical Sense: Taste (Gustation)
  • Chemical Sense: Smell (Olfaction)
  • The Eye and Vision

The Cardiovascular System

  • Intro to the Heart
  • Blood Flow of the Heart (Circulation Flow)
  • Myocardium
  • Conducting System of the Heart (Nervous Impulse Flow)
  • The Four Corners of the Heart
  • Layers of the Pericardium, Heart Wall and Spiral Arrangement
  • Function of the Atrioventricular and Semilunar Valves
  • Blood Components, Hemoglobin, Type/Rh Factor, Agglutination
  • Blood Vessels

Specialized Systems

  • The Endocrine System (Pituitary, Thyroid, Pancreas, Adrenal, Gonads, etc)
  • The Lymphatic System (Spleen, Thymus, Lymphatic vessels, nodes etc)
  • The Respiratory System (Lungs, Alveoli, Bronchi, Trachea, Larynx, Nasal cavities, etc)
  • The Immune System
  • The Urinary System: Kidneys
  • The Urinary System: Ureter and Urinary Bladder

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