• Skip to main content
  • Members Area
    • Login
    • Account
    • Quick and Effective Strength
    • Work From Home Fitness
    • Shoulder Flexibility
    • Easy Hamstrings Flexibility
    • Hip Flexibility Program
    • Smart Core
    • Rings Routine
    • Hypertrophy Routine
    • Slackline Program
  • My Training Programs
    • Quick and Effective Workout
    • Work From Home Fitness
    • The Ultimate Flexibility Bundle
    • Shoulder & Upper Back Flexibility
    • Hip Flexibility
    • Easy Hamstrings
    • Rings Routine
    • Smart Core
    • Hypertrophy Routine
    • /r/bodyweightfitness Routine (Free; Beginners)
    • Bodyweight PPL Split (Free; Intermediate)
    • Minimalistic Upper Body Routine (Free; All Levels)
  • Articles & Tutorials
    • The Fitness Index
    • Nutrition Index
    • Inspirational Index
    • Science Index
      • Human Anatomy Series
      • Human Physiology Series
      • Pharmacology Series
  • About Me
    • Contact Antranik
    • Online Coaching

Antranik.org

Strength & Flexibility Expert

Like! Follow! Subscribe!

  • Facebook
  • Instagram
  • YouTube

Electrons shells and orbitals

The photon’s energy would be associated with its frequency (nu), through a proportionality constant known as Planck’s constant (h), or alternately, using the wavelength (lambda) and the speed of light (c):

  • E= Photon energy
  • ν = Frequency (per s, s-1)
  • λ = wavelength
  • h = Planck’s constant = 6.62606957 × 10−34 J·s
  • c = speed of light = 299,792,458 m/s

Planck–Einstein equation

E = h • ν

Since the frequency ν, wavelength λ, and speed of light c are related by c = λν, the Planck relation can also be expressed as:

E = hc / λ

Orbitals

  • s-type, set of 1
  • P-model, set of 3
  • d-type, sets of 5
  • f-type, sets of 7

Aufban Principle

1. Principal Quantum number (PQ #) increases with energy: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7…

2. Energy increases with orbital type: s, p, d, f…

3. Type numbers: sets of 1 , 3, 5, 7 (associated with s, p, d, f orbitals)

4. Electron spin: There’s 2 e- per orbital but to do that they have to have opposite spins. ^ or v

Shells (PQ #)

As you add shells, they move further away from the nucleus but each shells moves less further away with each subsequent shell.  The shortest wavelength has the highest energy.  And the valence e- are the ones in the outer shell.

There is an energy overlap between 3p6 and 4s2.  4s has less energy than 3d:

Electron configuration

Transitional metals have similar properties because their e- configuration is similar.

Examples:

  • Li: 3e = 1s2 2s1
  • C: 5e = 1s2 2s2 2p2
  • Na 11e = 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

Orbital Diagram

Another way to identify the location of each electron is via an orbital diagram.  The sets with only one electron indicate potential bonds.  It also shows unpaired electrons which create a magnetic field and is a diamagnetic field.  If there are paired electrons in the outer-shell, then it is diamagnetic.  If there are unpaired electrons, it is paramagnetic.

Review: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vb6kAxwSWgU

Ionization energy

The energy required to remove the outermost electron from a single atom.  If the ionization energy is high, that means it takes a lot of energy to remove the outermost electron.  The energy to remove an electron increases as you go across and up on the periodic table because of the increasing nuclear charge.

The largest atoms are on the bottom left while the smallest are on the top right because as the atomic number increases, the protons also increase, and the protons pull the electrons harder inward.

Want To Get Strong and Flexible? 💪 Check Out My Programs!

Antranik’s Hypertrophy Routine

This training routine is focused largely on increasing strength and muscle mass (aka muscular hypertrophy). If I had to sum up the routine in one fell swoop I … [Read More]

Antranik’s Work From Home Fitness Program

In this day and age most people are working from home and struggling to find the balance between stagnation and moving to stay fit. This program was developed … [Read More]

Shoulder & Upper Back Flexibility Program

For anyone who wants better shoulder health, shoulder flexibility, a looser upper back and improved posture, this program takes all the guess work out of it to … [Read More]

The Ultimate Flexibility Bundle

I have three premium flexibility programs that I offer and many of you have been clamoring for a bundle-package, so here it is! You could now buy the … [Read More]

Antranik’s Rings Bodyweight Training Routine

This is for anybody who wants to get strong and have fun with a gymnastics-inspired routine. It is highly bodyweight-exercise oriented (no external weights) and … [Read More]

Antranik’s Easy Hamstrings Program

For those who have poor flexibility, tight hamstrings and want a simple program that will help them to get looser in a gentle, non-painful manner. In this … [Read More]

Antranik’s Smart Core Program

I don't know about you but nothing gets me fired up more than working on my abs. It's a unique muscle group that is utilized in every exercise and making it … [Read More]

Antranik’s Hip Flexibility Program

I've created this hip flexibility program for those that would like to improve their flexibility in an efficient manner, with a follow along video that only … [Read More]

Latest Instagram Posts

Contact · Login

Get An Exclusive Email Special

when you sign up for our newsletter today

Invalid email address
We promise not to spam you. You can unsubscribe at any time.
Thanks for subscribing! Please check your email for special offer.